Keto-pantoyllactone is assayed by the ketopantoyl lactone-dependent oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

Alpha-calcium ketoglutarate monohydrate is the calcium salt form of Alpha-ketoglutarate, which is involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in organisms.

UDP-g acid is a sugar used in the production of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid.